Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that causes significant shifts in mood, energy, activity and sleep. People experience episodes of depression and episodes of mania or hypomania, often with periods of stable mood in between. With ongoing treatment, most people with bipolar disorder live full, productive lives.
Types of bipolar disorder
- Bipolar I: at least one manic episode lasting a week or more (or requiring hospitalization). Depressive episodes are common but not required for diagnosis.
- Bipolar II: at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode, without full mania.
- Cyclothymic disorder: long-lasting, milder ups and downs that do not meet full episode criteria.
Recognizing mood episodes
Mania may include an unusually elevated or irritable mood, greatly reduced need for sleep, racing thoughts, rapid speech, inflated self-confidence, distractibility, and risky behavior such as overspending. Severe mania can include psychosis. Hypomania is a milder form that is noticeable to others but does not cause major impairment. Depressive episodes have the same symptoms as major depression and are often the longest-lasting part of the illness.
Causes
Bipolar disorder is strongly influenced by genetics — it often runs in families. Sleep disruption, major stress and substance use can trigger episodes in people who are vulnerable. Some antidepressants taken without a mood stabilizer can trigger mania, which is one reason accurate diagnosis is important.
Treatment
Bipolar disorder is a long-term condition best managed with a consistent plan:
- Mood stabilizers such as lithium, valproate and lamotrigine
- Certain antipsychotic medications (for example quetiapine, lurasidone, cariprazine), which treat mania and/or bipolar depression
- Psychotherapy including psychoeducation, CBT, family-focused therapy and interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)
- Regular follow-up and blood tests where needed (for example lithium levels)
Staying well
- Keep a steady sleep schedule — sleep loss is a common trigger
- Track moods to spot early warning signs
- Create a relapse-prevention plan with your care team and loved ones
- Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs
- Continue medication even when feeling well, unless your prescriber advises otherwise
Medical disclaimer: This article is for general educational purposes and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always consult a qualified health professional about your situation. See our full disclaimer.